Pharyngula

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Wednesday, March 16, 2005

Berlinski babbles some more

David Berlinski went crying to the Discovery Institute weblog after I cussed him out here. I mentioned that he sent me one e-mail message, which I posted here, but there were also several others, one of which is posted at the DI. He exhibits his usual arrogant blindness, claiming that my dissection of his editorial was "supported neither by argument nor a rational appeal to the evidence", which is astounding in its dishonesty. I went through his article point by point and explained how it reflected a thorough lack of understanding about how science works, and included links to refute specific claims.

He also sent me a third letter, after I criticized his failure to understand the Kingsolver article. Here it is:

Much better. You have managed to cite a reference. But you have not -- in any way -- demonstrated that my own citation is inappropriate or in any way misguided. "Adaptation by natural selection," Andrew P. Hendry observed in the February 17th issue of /Nature/, " is the centerpiece of biology." Just so. It is. "Yet evolutionary biologists may be deluding themselves," he at once added,"if they think they have a good handle on the typical strength of selection in nature." My view entirely and the view I expressed by observing that "field studies inevitably report weak to non-existent selection effects." Now Hendry does not take this as a criticism of Darwin's theory. It is entirely possible that those weak or non-existent selection effects reflect statistical imperfections in various studies, a hypothesis that Kingsolver et al also entertain. But it is possible as well that a great number of studies have reported weak or non-existent selection effects because they are not there. Insofar as field studies are at issue, the burden of proof is hardly mine to meet. A physicist proposing a new force of nature, and proposing to make that force the cornerstone of his far-reaching theory, must demonstrate its existence before championing his theory. Elementary, no? It is only among evolutionary biologists that the reverse is true.

My own view is that neither random variation nor natural selection play an important role in evolution and that /au fond /evolution occupies a space with precisely as many degrees of freedom as embryology. I have not argued for this view and it plays no role in any criticisms I have made of evolutionary doctrine.

Read that first paragraph carefully. He's a mathematician, but he doesn't seem to understand statistics at all, and he definitely doesn't understand biology. I get the impression he's trying to suggest that we need to postulate an underestimate of the strength of selection to 'rescue' evolutionary theory. But, as I said multiple times, strong selection is not a requirement for evolution to occur; selection happens with even weak effects, and evolution will continue in the absence of selection. That he is oblivious to this reveals that he is deeply ignorant of basic principles of evolutionary theory, and has no business criticizing it.

But look at this comment: "it is possible...that...studies have reported weak or non-existent selection effects because they are not there". Berlinski has confused the magnitude of an effect with its statistical significance! I look forward to seeing him tell the physicists that since the charge on an electron is so tiny, 1.602 x 10-19 coulombs, they should be prepared to consider the possibility that its value is actually 0.

Quite contrary to his claim, the existence of natural selection has been demonstrated, and the magnitude of the measured selection coefficients are entirely compatible with the observed rates of change over evolutionary history.

As for his bizarre idea about how evolution occurs…Teilhard de Chardin would be pleased, I'm sure. He still has one acolyte clinging to orthogenesis; one who knows nothing about the evidence or the concepts of biology, and one who will willingly lie about what biologists actually say to advance his cause. And of course he has no cause to believe in his theory, or he'd be championing it, but I'm sure he has faith.


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Comments:
#18914: — 03/16  at  08:43 PM
In a comment to an earlier post I said that Berlinski is an ass. The evidence keeps piling up, doesn't it?



#18915: Burt Humburg — 03/16  at  08:49 PM
As I'm just an MD, perhaps I shouldn't be as embarrassed as I am to admit that I don't know what, besides selection, can drive evolution. What does it mean to say that evolution proceeds even without selection?

Don't waste time typing. I can go do my own reading, but where should I start?

BCH



#18918: chris at organicmatter — 03/16  at  08:58 PM
@ BCH: The Bible?



#18920: Burt Humburg — 03/16  at  09:03 PM
Sorry. Didn't follow that one at all.

What I'm talking about is what kinds of evolution proceed in the absence of selection. I'm aware of genetic drift, which as I understand it is a statistical phenomenon that arises in populations with a small genetic pool. (We whizzed by population biology in my genetics class, though I am proud to point out that I later independently read a text on Kimura's theories and that I was able to clearly recognize many of the mathematical symbols.)

Kidding aside, how does evolution proceed sans selection?

BCH



#18921: — 03/16  at  09:29 PM
I too am missing the concept on evolution without selection.

This is what we call a teachable moment.



#18922: coturnix — 03/16  at  09:50 PM
Should I celebrate or cry? I got my first creationist commenter. Feel free to come over and have a go:
http://sciencepolitics.blogspot.com/2005/03/teaching-scientific-method_111091712671945584.html



#18923: CKL — 03/16  at  10:02 PM
I would suggest that Berlinski read some of Lewontin's work. Lewontin is very much a supporter of evolution yet he fails to place much stock in strong selection. I'm not sure why Berlinski thinks that evolutionary biology is committed to adaptationism.



#18928: — 03/16  at  10:54 PM
I would suggest that Berlinski read some of Lewontin's work.

Lewontin's a crank in the tradition of Lysenko. His acknowledging of evolution is irrelevant, because he denies the existence of genes, which are at the lowest level what drives evolution (note: my biology knowledge comes from reading Pharyngula, so if any of you biologists corrects me here, I won't defend what I said).



#18929: — 03/16  at  10:58 PM
By the way, I'm joining Burt's question: what can drive evolution other than selection?



#18930: Wesley R. Elsberry — 03/16  at  11:09 PM
Alon Levy wrote:


Lewontin's a crank in the tradition of Lysenko. His acknowledging of evolution is irrelevant, because he denies the existence of genes, which are at the lowest level what drives evolution (note: my biology knowledge comes from reading Pharyngula, so if any of you biologists corrects me here, I won't defend what I said).


That's news to me. Currently in the bathroom branch of the library is the genetics text by (IIRC) Suzuki, Lewontin, and Griffiths. Which, I think, would be odd for a guy who denied the existence of genes.



#18931: Les Lane — 03/16  at  11:26 PM
Among drivers of evolution are drift and catastrophe, but keep in mind that effects of selection on genes form a distribution. That most genes are under little or no selection does not mean that all genes are under little or no selection.

I'm curious about what Berlinski thinks about artificial selection (e.g antibiotic resistance, dog breeds, etc.) Does he see it as mechanistically different from natural selection or only rhetorically different?



#18935: — 03/16  at  11:49 PM
That's news to me. Currently in the bathroom branch of the library is the genetics text by (IIRC) Suzuki, Lewontin, and Griffiths. Which, I think, would be odd for a guy who denied the existence of genes.

That would be very odd of the person who published "Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA," a pile of post-modernist crankery about how genetics is nothing more than a plot to oppress the poor and marginalized.



#18938: — 03/17  at  12:16 AM
Alon, I think you might want to look at this page (http://hrst.mit.edu/hrs/evolution/public/profiles/lewontin.html) before you go on badmouthing people who know a lot more about biology than you do (somehow, I don't think you learned from PZ Myers that Lewontin is a crank who doesn't believe in genes). Now, Lewontin may be wrong, or he may be right, but your comments demonstrate that you don't know the first goddamned thing about this subject. (sorry, I wasn't sure that the tags would work, and they didn't show up in the preview. But seriously, learn something about the man, and the subject, before spouting off.



#18940: — 03/17  at  12:27 AM
Some forces driving evolution: geographical changes that separate a population in two (like chimps west of the Syrian African Rift, people west of it), introduction of new biological factors (smallpox to America), climate changes (Ice Age fauna, incl. neanderthalis, disappearing with the ice), genetic changes (multiple crossovers or changes in the number of chromosomes), and so on. The best I like is the co-evolution of herbivores and predators in the African savanna, creating an everescalating war. And of course, the evolution driven by female caprice, which originated fantastic creatures like the proboscis monkey and Michael Jackson.

Of course, the mechanism of evolution is selection (differential reproduction).

It will not hurt my pride if someone corrects me. I am an engineer.



#18941: — 03/17  at  12:42 AM
(somehow, I don't think you learned from PZ Myers that Lewontin is a crank who doesn't believe in genes)

Well, you're wrong; I did in fact get it from PZ. He knows more biology than I do, but so does Murray and so did Herrnstein, which apparently doesn't preclude anyone here regardless of knowledge of biology from bashing pseudo-scientific racism. Hell, Heddle knows more physics than almost everyone here.

I'm sorry, but I just can't take people who advocate the idea that science is an ideology seriously. And that I got from several sources, e.g. Alan Sokal.



#18942: CKL — 03/17  at  12:44 AM
Alon,

I'm not sure why you think Lewontin denies the existence of genes. He does deny that we should assume that they are the ultimate causal force in development, which seems to be not too unreasonable an idea. I will grant that Lewontin's views might be a bit more holistic than is warranted, but even most geneticists will grant that one cannot understand the activity of genes wholly independent of environmental context. Lewontin just takes it a step further. Now I'll admit he might be wrong but he isn't a crank by any means.

Regarding your second question, some have suggested that random drift can drive evolution. Indeed, Japanese biologists tend to favor that position versus the selection driven position held by North Americans. Actually, Ian Tattersall argues in one of his more recent books (the title of which I forget) that perhaps language wasn't an adaptation in humans (in that it wasn't selected for) but developed as the result of traits selected for other reasons being co-opted to serve a new purpose (actually, I'm not too sure where I'm going with this other than to say that there are those who argue that various physical traits and behaviors come about for reasons other than selection).



#18943: CKL — 03/17  at  12:50 AM
Alon,

You also have to make a distinction between a person's academic work and his work meant for a popular audience. Also regarding Lewontin's book. He's not denying genes, he's questioning the methodology of a field of biology. Jonathan Kaplan does something similar in his book The Limit and Lies of Human Genetic Research where he criticizes past studies that have generally been taken to be sound. Being a dissenter in terms of popular opinion within the sciences isn't being a crack pot. Otherwise greats such as Newton (who argued for forces despite the mechanism of his era) and Einstein (who supported the notion that matter and energy could be considered interchangeable) could be considered cranks. Not that I think Lewontin is an Einstein or a Newton but I don't think he should be immediately dismissed.



#18944: — 03/17  at  01:09 AM
Being a dissenter in terms of popular opinion within the sciences isn't being a crack pot. Otherwise greats such as Newton (who argued for forces despite the mechanism of his era) and Einstein (who supported the notion that matter and energy could be considered interchangeable) could be considered cranks. Not that I think Lewontin is an Einstein or a Newton but I don't think he should be immediately dismissed.

Newton and Einstein didn't bash the accepted paradigms as ideologically motivated. The only person who did and turned out to be right is Galileo, who was in fact a crank because he refused to engage in scientific debate and falsified the results of experiments he made to fit his hypotheses.

There are people who criticize the importance of genetics without resorting to political attacks. Stephen Jay Gould's Mismeasure of Man does that. A short while ago I read a detailed interview with a psychology professor whose name I don't remember about The Bell Curve, in which the professor explained why IQ wasn't everything and why environmental influences were crucial; however, he did that without talking of science as an ideology or spouting similar post-modernist crap.



#18945: — 03/17  at  01:33 AM
"he did that without talking of science as an ideology or spouting similar post-modernist crap."

if post-modernism is crap and david foster wallace and donald barthelme are post-modern, then sign me up for a heapin helpin of crap.



#18946: Burt Humburg — 03/17  at  01:50 AM
Post-modernism doesn't have to be crap. It's a very effective way of fighting homophobia, sexism, racism, and a lot of other evils that plague society. Women should be allowed to achieve the same ranks as men and no appeal to conservativism should deny them their due. Postmodernism can be egalitarian.

The problem is that people like the DI use postmodernism in a field that defined the modernist movement: science. Science is conservative, it is not democratic, and not all concepts are created equal. Those theories that are taught at the high school level are theories that started out as underdogs and earned their place in the classroom by being superior to other explanations. Science does not thrive in postmodernism.

As for Bartholome and Wallace, who knows. But postmodernism isn't an intrinsic evil. In its proper place, it is a good.

BCH



#18947: CKL — 03/17  at  03:30 AM
Alon,

That's why I pointed to the distinction between Lewontin's academic versus popular work. In his academic work his arguments are generally quite reasonable. He doesn't engage in ad hominem type attacks as you suggest. He might do so in his publications intended for the general public but I'm not familiar with that stuff so I can't really comment on it. As far as Gould goes, Lewontin and Gould co-authored the paper that started the whole critique of genetics thing (The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian program: A critique of the adaptationist programme). So it's odd that you bash Lewontin yet cite Gould as the prime example of how to criticize genetics when they started the project together and Gould wrote such pieces as Darwinian Fundamentalism.



#18948: CKL — 03/17  at  03:35 AM
P.S. Also Newton did from time to time characterize his detractors as being characterized by dogmatism (for more on this look into material regarding Newton's feud with Leibniz).



#18949: CKL — 03/17  at  03:38 AM
P.P.S. That was a terrible sentence, you must pardon me. It's the wee hours of the morning and I've spent all night writing so my brain's a little blurry.



's avatar #18950: — 03/17  at  04:08 AM
What really irritates me about this Berlinski lad is that no matter how carefully I read his complaints about evolutionary biology, the only objection I see him making is basically "you need a numerical value for that or it isn't a scientific theory".

Correct me if I am wrong, but the rest of it seems to be the pretty standard misdirection, misunderstanding, and misapplication that we have seen from the creationists/IDCists and their ilk for roughly the last 53327 days! His complaint amounts to little more than the reductio ad absurdum/of a certain type of narrow minded mathematician/physicist, i.e. that all phenomena observed by science are ultimately reducible to mathematical equations therefore for it to be a scientific description of a particular phenomenon it must be expressed mathematically. Stated like that the logical error leaps of the page, especially if one knows the first thing about the scientific method.

Oh well, same shit, different day.



#18952: — 03/17  at  04:56 AM
Post-modernism doesn't have to be crap. It's a very effective way of fighting homophobia, sexism, racism, and a lot of other evils that plague society.

On the contrary, post-modernism is not only false but also bad for social equality. By taking equality as an axiom and subjecting all evidence to it, it only hurts its cause.

First, it provides strawmen for social conservatives: witness how Larry Summers' defenders did not defend his arguments so much as they attacked the post-modernist strawman that refuses to consider the possibility that women are less mathematically apt than men.

Second, its refusal to submit to peer-review inhibits the growth of knowledge, which can be and is beneficial to the cause of equality.

Third, its shying away from topics that might imply natural subordination, such as genetics and IQ, similarly suppresses beneficial knowledge; for example, studies about social programs' improving of IQ are pointless if you assume that IQ doesn't matter, although since IQ does matter, knowing what social programs improve it is very helpful.

Fourth, it suppresses knowledge that is scientifically if not socially beneficial because it cares about indigenous peoples' feelings too much; witness the Kennewick Man controversy.

Fifth, I hate to say it but if there is in fact natural subordination, we need to know it exists rather than sweep it under the rug.

The really extreme cases of post-modernism don't just take natural equality as an axiom; they often seek to destroy the entire base of knowledge because it is Western or patriarchal or white. Science in this conception is an inhibitor, an oppressive concept that must be dismantled in favor of local prejudices and superstitions that are as irrational as Christian creationism but are forgiven because they're non-Western.

Now of course, no one will admit to being against reason, evidence and logic -- that's like being against Motherhood and Apple Pie. Rather, our postmodernist and poststructuralist friends will claim to be in favor of some new and deeper kind of reason, such as the celebration of "local knowledges" and "alternative ways of knowing" as an antidote to the so-called "Eurocentric scientific methodology" (you know, things like systematic experiment, controls, replication, and so forth). You find this magic phrase "local knowledges" in, for example, the articles of Andrew Ross and Sandra Harding in the "Science Wars" issue of Social Text. But are "local knowledges" all that great? And when local knowledges conflict, which local knowledges should we believe? In many parts of the Midwest, the "local knowledges" say that you should spray more herbicides to get bigger crops. It's old-fashioned objetive* science that can tell us which herbicides are poisonous to farm workers and to people downstream. Here in New York City, lots of "local knowledges" hold that there's a wave of teenage motherhood that's destroying our moral fiber. It's those boring data that show that the birth rate to teenage mothers has been essentially constant since 1975, and is about half of what it was in the good old 1950's. Another word for "local knowledges" is prejudice.


- Alan Sokal, A Plea for Reason, Evidence and Logic.

* For some reason, whenever I write "object" in a blockquoted test, the formatting gets screwed.



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