Pharyngula

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Sunday, August 21, 2005

Politicized Scholars…

I have mixed feelings about the latest NYT story on Intelligent Design creationism. On the one hand, it does clearly state how politicized the Discovery Institute is, describes the religious sources of their funding and how some charitable institutions find the DI repugnant, and gives a decent account of the Institute's history. On the other hand, Arthur Silber dislikes it intensely, and I can see why. It also allows a gang of pseudoscientific frauds to state their message loudly on the pages of a fairly prestigious newspaper. Even the title is objectionable: "Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive". The first word is good, but it's all downhill from there. They are not scholars, except in the loosest sense of the word. They have most emphatically not put evolution on the defensive; evolutionary biology is completely untouched by their posturings. Some biologists are on the attack now, because the creationists have made political gains in damaging public school education in biology. Basically, this article gave the creationists free rein to repeat their lies over and over again, such as that they are funding actual research. Carl Zimmer, while acknowledging that the article is a "useful overview", rips that claim apart.

A search for "Intelligent Design" on PubMed yields 22 results--none of which were published by anyone from the Discovery Insittute. There are a few articles about the political controversy about teaching it in public schools, and some papers about constructing databases of proteins in a smart way. But nothing that actually uses intelligent design to reveal something new about nature. ScienceDirect offers the same picture. (I'm not clever enough with html to link to my search result lists, but try them yourself if you wish.)

Here's another search: "Discovery Institute" and "Seattle" (where the institute is located). One result comes up: a paper by Jonathan Wells proposing that animal cells have turbine-like structures inside them. It describes no experiments, only a hypothesis.

Perhaps the other prominent fellows of the Discovery Institute (Michael Behe, Stephen Meyer, and William Dembski) have published scientific papers that have a bearing on intelligent design, without identifying their affiliation. Aside from a couple letters to the editor, the databases yielded only one paper, in which Behe offers a simple model of gene duplication and expresses doubt that new genes could evolve by this process. Given that other scientists have published 2266 papers exploring gene duplication's role in evolution, it's safe to say that his is not a view held by most experts.

That's the kind of response I would have expected from the NYT—when someone says, "$792,585 financed laboratory or field research in biology, paleontology or biophysics, while $93,828 helped graduate students in paleontology, linguistics, history and philosophy", don't just report it, investigate and follow through and see where the money is actually going, because it sure isn't funding real science.

There are a few errors of fact that you should expect to see dismantled on The Panda's Thumb soon, and I was also surprised to see this statement fly by unchallenged:

…the institute has opposed legislation in Pennsylvania and Utah that pushes intelligent design, instead urging lawmakers to follow Ohio's lead.

They are setting Ohio as an example to follow? The Ohio situation is a clear case of biased backroom politicking, in which corrupt ideologues maneuvered to override the recommendations of qualified scientists and educators to impose anti-scientific changes on Ohio school curricula. Why not point out in an article on "politicized scholars" that they are representing the worst of politics, using croneyism and dishonesty to squirt their slime in through the back door? The Discovery Institute is very good at that, I will admit.

I won't be as harsh on the article as Arthur Silber…yet. There's supposed to be a second article in the series coming up, which I presume will express the views of real scientists and will attempt to counter the facade of "scholarship" the DI put up in the first one. I do wish the reporter had been more thorough in dismissing those claims in this first one, though.


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Comments:
#36873: spencer — 08/22  at  09:05 AM
The second article is a classic example of he-said-she-said reporting. 70 biologists doubt evolution, the article quotes the DI as saying. What it doesn't say is that about 350 biologists named Steve don't. Whereas the first article makes it clear that the DI's purposes are political, with science only serving as a convenient cover, the second article really gives the DI equal time.

Alon gets it exactly right. That's precisely how the second piece is ID-friendly.

Frankly, any story that doesn't make it explicitly clear that there is absolutely nothing to ID in scientific terms is in my opinion an ID-friendly story.



#36874: coturnix — 08/22  at  09:24 AM
The very fact that, even here, different people see it differently is a proof positive that it is not an effective article. We KNOW which side is correct and see that each ID argument is debunked, but, the way the article is written, lay people can choose between the two sides according to their own preconcieved notions.



#36877: davidm — 08/22  at  09:37 AM
If each claim is debunked, why would people choose to believe debunked claims? If it is because of their preconceived notions, then I'd suggest that no conceivable article is going to shake those notions. The article wasn't directed at those with preconceived notions, but at the average person who is not invested in this issue.



#36880: coturnix — 08/22  at  09:41 AM
If facts counter one's prior worldview, facts are dismissed - the easy way to avoid cognitive dissonance. Reasonable people will find the article persuasive - but those are probably already on the right side. The first article, by pointing to political and financial connections and shenannigans is, IMHO, more effective.



#36882: coturnix — 08/22  at  10:01 AM
Chris Mooney agrees:

http://scienceg8.com/those-nyt-stories/



#36884: — 08/22  at  10:12 AM

#36877: davidm
If each claim is debunked, why would people choose to believe debunked claims? If it is because of their preconceived notions, then I'd suggest that no conceivable article is going to shake those notions. The article wasn't directed at those with preconceived notions, but at the average person who is not invested in this issue.

What are the latest poll results on how many "average persons" still believe that Iraq had WMD and that Saddam Hussein was somehow involved in the 9/11 plot?

Do not confuse "rational, informed person" with "average person".



#36887: Daniel — 08/22  at  10:29 AM
To safeguard decent science education from the zealots over a the Discovery Institute, what is being done to politically support High School science teachers who pledge to help keep Creationism/Intelligent Design out of the classrooms?

This seems to me what we should be discussing - in the last 5 years we've found out just how extensive the Republican infrastructure has become over the last ~30 years, with the Discovery Institute, the Heritage Foundation, etc, and how far back progressive America has fallen. What unified, independant organization is in place to combat the Discovery Institute, and how are we supporting those science teachers who demonstrate scientific integrity?



Trackback: What is Being Done to Combat the Discovery Institu Tracked on: A Concerned Scientist (72.9.234.70) at 2005 08 22 10:56:43
Two recent NY Times articles - In Explaining Life's Complexity, Darwinists and Doubters Clash and Politicized Scholars Put Evolution on the Defensive - follow the furor that the Kansas State Board of Education rulings and recent publicity for the Dis...



#36913: — 08/22  at  11:35 AM
I would add, davidm, that the refutations offered in the article are not as good as they should be, and that the average reader is not familiar enough with biology and evolution to understand that some of them ARE refutations. Mix in a desire to disbelieve anyway, and it becomes really easy to ignore the refutation.

I understand print space and simplicity are factors here.

But as an example, the refutation offered for the Axe paper claim of proteins being improbable amounts to "well, it's not random ('cause we say so) and they borrow the parts from something else." That leaves an impression that biologists are passing the buck--that the complexity still existed somewhere, unexplained. No criticism of the Axe paper itself, no clear criticism of the "all or none" probability calculations of ID proponents, no explanation of what "not random" means.

However, I thought the refutation offered for the Cambrian explosion claim was almost perfect--it presented in simple words that we do have explanations and mechanisms for such rapid changes, and that these changes were spread out over more time than previously thought.



#36929: Daniel — 08/22  at  12:16 PM
Follow up to Baseyian Bouffant, FCD's comment "Behe profile in the Morning Call."

I actually took that freshmen seminar class in Fall of '96, and read his book. The book, and his entire logic structure, is based upon the "mousetrap analogy," which I think we agree is a false analogy.

At the time I was taking the seminar class, I was of course rather naive and unaware of any arguments against Evolution, or any need to defend Evolution. So it was a bizarre class for me. He was not an intellectual tyrant, bashing us students over the head with his logic, but subtley working the gaps and offering viewpoints which raised doubt to Evolution. These arguments didn't sit well with most of us, but the reasons why his Mousetrap Analogy and other arguments were invalid were difficult for young freshmen to articulate. That's the danger - the sensible-sounding and subtle points that he and other ID-ers make, which are persuasive to the uninformed.

A Concerned Scientist



#36932: davidm — 08/22  at  12:27 PM
rrt, I agree with much of what you say. The refutations were not as good as they could have been. The Axe refutation was not very good: it was far too hurried. The Cambrian Explosion discussion was good. And while the blood clotting discussion served as a good refutation of irreducible complexity, it wasn't enough. I was particuarly annoyed that early in the article, the author mentioned "biological marvels like the optical precision of the eye." Apart from the fact that the eye isn't always all that great (I'm 20/200 in my left eye, which makes me wonder what the designer was thinking when he designed my left eye), the seeming miracle of the eye is precisely what so many skeptics of evolution point to. They ask how the eye could possibly have evolved. Isn't it irreducibly complex? The article, then, should have talked about eye evolution. In fact, it could have profited from a sidebar devoted entirely to discussing the evolution of the eye.



#36947: — 08/22  at  01:53 PM
Kenneth Chang said:
{Darwin} observed that individuals in a given species varied considerably, variations now known to be caused by mutations in their genetic code.

This is not correct. Variations within a species are primarily due to homologous DNA recombination through crossover events that occur during fertilization. Robin Holliday proposed this elegant mechanism in 1964 and his theory was confirmed later by direct observation through X-Ray Crystallography. Homologous recombination explains in molecular terms how one can inherit both dad's big nose and mom's hirsutism.
At the rate mutations occur and given the fact that most mutations of the genome aren't manifest in the individual's phenotype, we'd all look the same if variations were dependant on mutation.
The error doesn't affect the balance of the article, though. One point on balance: It is not a journalist's role to convince the reader of anything; it is his role to present the facts accurately and concisely.



#37017: — 08/22  at  09:08 PM
It is not a journalist's role to convince the reader of anything; it is his role to present the facts accurately and concisely.


Yes, and accuracy is more than just making sure that you get everybody's words in the right order. I beleive that there is a consistent error in the Chang article, and it's an error of omission. The assertive voice of the article was, in most places, the voice of the design advocate. Chang would provide the ID point of view, and then allow the real scientists to provide countervailing evidence.

An article which more accurately reflected the position of intelligent design in the scientific community would have done something more like the inverse. That is, it would have laid out the arguments and evidence for evolution and discussed why there is no professional scientific society that doubts evolution, and why the DI doesn't get any funding from the NSF or NIH. In this context then the DI folks would have been allowed to provide their critques. This format would have shown the ID arguments to be what they truly are--unscientific fringe attacks against an established bedrock theory of mainstream science by a ideological think tank.

Overall, the stance of the scientists appears defensive and reactionary. This is not representitive of the position of ID, and so the article is inaccurate in how it protrays the threat level that ID "theory" represents to real science. And this was the article that was supposed to address the science.



#37058: Alon Levy — 08/23  at  07:59 AM
My main problem with the refutations offered in the article is over-subtlety. Effective writing usually has to be blunt: "this argument is false because XYZ." That's what PZ does, which is why Pharyngula only gives ID very bad PR, not to mention that it's a blog for people who already know something about it. The NYT article has refutations you can recognize if you know them, but no clear conclusions.



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