Pharyngula

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Wednesday, August 31, 2005

Skell resurfaces

Longtime readers here know I'm no fan of Phil Skell, the creationist academic at Penn State whose schtick is to claim over and over that evolutionary biology has no relevance to modern biology, and that we'd all be just fine without it. Now he has published one of his bubble-headed tirades in The Scientist (I'm also not a fan of some of the crap published there; that they'd regurgitate something from Skell is another strike against them). PvM takes him to task for a bit of quote mining, using a fragment from Adam Wilkins, editor of BioEssays, saying that "Evolution…would appear to be superfluous…".

Wilkins went on to say:

Yet, the marginality of evolutionary biology may be changing. More and more issues in biology, from diverse questions about human nature to the vulnerability of ecosystems, are increasingly seen as reflecting evolutionary events. A spate of popular books on evolution testifies to the development. If we are to fully understand these matters, however, we need to understand the processes of evolution that, ultimately, underlie them.

To his credit, this time Skell acknowledges the complete quote (I did cuss him out good last year for it—maybe he can learn), but goes on to mangle it thoroughly.

In reality, however, this passage illustrates my point. The efforts mentioned there are not experimental biology; they are attempts to explain already authenticated phenomena in Darwinian terms, things like human nature.

I was all over this stuff over a year ago, and posted additional material from the issue of BioEssays the quote was taken from. It's unadulterated blithering nonsense.

  • "…attempts to explain already authenticated phenomena"…that's part of what good theories do. Scientific theories provide a framework for understanding what is going on. Why is Skell treating this as a deficiency?
  • "The efforts mentioned there are not experimental biology"…do go look at the list of articles in that issue of BioEssays. It's all about evolutionary processes—the analysis of the forces that drive evolutionary change. These are genuine research articles. That Skell does not understand biology does not mean we are collecting postage stamps.

Skell babbles on:

Darwinian evolution—whatever its other virtues—does not provide a fruitful heuristic in experimental biology. This becomes especially clear when we compare it with a heuristic framework such as the atomic model, which opens up structural chemistry and leads to advances in the synthesis of a multitude of new molecules of practical benefit.

Carl Zimmer has an article that directly refutes Skell's claim. The study of chromosomal organization in different organisms, motivated by purely scientific interests in our evolutionary history, is constantly testing predictions from evolution, and is leading us to new insights about our past and our contemporary condition. And if you need to measure your science by "practical benefit", it's got that, too.

"Here you have a beautiful connection," he said. "The same thing that causes big-scale rearrangement between a human and chimp or a gorilla, these same sites are often the site of deletion associated with diseases."

The evolutionary model also opens up structural biology. Skell is just so pig-ignorant about biology that he is incapable of comprehending it.

So why is The Scientist publishing his drivel?


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Comments:
#38192: — 08/31  at  09:46 AM
If Skell thinks understanding evolution hasn't had any practical benefits in the way atomic theory has, I suggest that he go and read up on genetic algorithms:

http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/genalg/genalg.html



#38199: Rockstar — 08/31  at  10:51 AM
PZ:

Is not "creationist academic" an oxymoron?



#38201: QrazyQat — 08/31  at  11:28 AM
In one the reviews of Nancy Tanner's 1981 "On Becoming Human" it was suggested that the fact that her work explained the evidence so well was a problem. Say what? Don't you just hate those pesky things that explain things well?



#38203: Pamela Martin — 08/31  at  11:59 AM
[Skell:]...they are attempts to explain already authenticated phenomena in Darwinian terms, things like human nature.


I love it that someone looking for an example of an authenticated phenomenon comes up with "human nature."



#38206: Arun — 08/31  at  12:28 PM
The new pirates - Skells & Behes.



#38217: — 08/31  at  01:06 PM
Skell, that mans a classic; evolution had nothing to do with the Flores find. Some scientists were just randomly digging around in a cave in southeast Asia for some reason. They found a tiny skull of some organism or another. It used to be alive, and it probably had some skin and stuff - we can say that anyway. I think that's pretty much the whole story. Too bad there's no framework that directs or makes any systematic sense out of research like this.



#38253: — 08/31  at  07:17 PM
Incidentally, I happened today to come across an article from the May 17 New York Times demonstrating yet another practical benefit of evolutionary theory.

The hypothesis the article presents is that type 1 (juvenile) diabetes is not simply an evolutionary misfire, but may, like the sickle-cell gene that protects against malaria, have served an adaptive purpose in the past. Specifically, type 1 diabetics have higher levels of glucose in their blood, which can act as a sort of antifreeze in cold climates, preventing damaging ice crystals from forming inside tissues.

The article suggested that this condition, which is found almost exclusively in people of northern European descent, may originally have been an adaptation to cope with rapid climate change in an ice age that arrived around 12,000 years ago. Of course, diabetics have a generally reduced life expectancy, but this probably would not have mattered when the average life span was much shorter anyway.

The way in which evolution enters into the equation is that humans are not the only species that have evolved this strategy to beat the cold (if that is indeed why we have it). Other cold-tolerant species do the same thing; in particular, an Arctic wood frog pours massive quantities of glucose into its blood to protect against the effects of extreme cold. Therefore, it is possible that, by exploring the genes that this frog and other cold-tolerant species use to handle the complications of high blood sugar, we might find molecules that could be used to treat human sufferers of diabetes. If not for evolution, who would have ever thought to look for diabetes cures in a frog?



#38264: bcpmoon — 09/01  at  04:58 AM
Well, you can do Chemistry without understanding Quantum Physics (and that really is fundamental). You can be an athlete without knowing zilch about anatomy. You can even preach about healthy sexuality while living in celibacy. It´s just a less fundamental way to look at / do things.

To develop a truly fundamental theory of Evolution we should start with quantum theory...
...Just joking...



#38266: — 09/01  at  07:18 AM
FRANCIS CRICK AGREES WITH PHIL SKELL

I was just re-reading Francis Crick's biography, What Mad Pursuit,and was struck with his view on the usefulness, or lack thereof, of evolutionary thinking in biological research.

According to Crick:

Biologists must constantly keep in mind that what they see was not designed, but rather evolved. It might be thought, therefore, that evolutionary arguments would play a large part in guiding biological research, but THIS IS FAR FROM THE CASE. It is difficult enough to study what is happening now. Try to figure out exactly what happened in evolution is even more difficult. Thus evolutionary arguments can usefully be used as hints to suggest possible lines of research, BUT IT IS HIGHLY DANGEROUS TO TRUST THEM TOO MUCH. It is all too easy to make mistaken inferences unless the process involved is already very well understood.

Crick's words, written 1988, were quite prophetic. At that time, noncoding DNA was considered junk. This was a conclusion steeped in the evolutionary paradigm. In fact, the evolutionary framework stiffled research into noncoding DNA, and hence recognition of its function, for nearly 30 years.

I have monitored developments in this area of molecular biology over the last six years. Generally I have observed that it has been accidental discoveries, often touted as completely surprizing, that have led to the clear recognition that junk DNA has function. This discovery was not made because of the evolutionary paradigm, but in spite of it.



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